The Hierarchical Model

The Hierarchical Model Was developed in the 1960s. The Hierarchical model was essentially born from the first mainframe database management system. It uses an upside-down tree to structure data. The top of the tree is the parent and the branches are children. Each child can only have one parent but a parent can have many children. Advantages Have many different structures and forms. Structures data in an upside-down tree. (Simplifies data overview) Manages large amounts of data. Express the relationships between information. Many children per parent. Distribute data in terms of relationships. Improve data sharing. Disadvantages One parent per child. Complex (users require physical representation of database) Navigation system is complex. Data must be organized in a hierarchical way without compromising the information. Lack structural independence. Many too many relationships not supported. Data independence. NETWORK DATA MODEL In 1965 C.W. Bachman developed the first network data model to present complex data relationships more effectively than the hierarchical model. He tried to impose a database standard with his model and also wanted to improve database performance. It was in 1971 that the Conference on Data System Languages or CODASYL officially or formally defined the Network model. The network databases arrange its data as a directed graph and have a standard navigational language. Advantages Multi-parent support. Somewhat same simplicity as the hierarchical model. More useful than the hierarchical data model. Deals with even larger amounts of information than the hierarchical model. Promotes data integrity. Many too many relationships support. Data independence. Improved data access. Disadvantages Data relationships must be predefined. Much more complex than the hierarchical date model. Users are still require to know the physical representation of the database Information can be related in various and complicated ways. Lack structural independence. RELATIONAL DATA MODEL The relational data model was introduced in 1970 by Edgar F. Codd. He worked for IBM. All data is represented as simple tabular data structures which the user can access through a high-level non-procedural language. In 1974 IBM proposed a new high-level non-procedural language SEQUEL (renamed into SQL in 1990). Advantages Structured independence is promoted. Users do not have to know the physical representation of the database. Use of SQL language to access data. Easier database design. Tabular view improves simplicity. Support large amounts of data. Data independence. Multi-level relationships between data sets No need to predefined data relationships. Disadvantages Data anomalies. People need training if they want to use the system effectively and efficiently. ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DATA MODEL Dr. Peter Pin-Shan Chen introduced the entity relationship data model in 1976. It is a graphical representation of entities that became popular very quickly because it complemented the relational database model concepts. Advantages A very important data modeling tool. An extended Entity-Relationship diagram allows more details. Multi-valued attributes. Structured independence. Organize the data into categories defining entities the relationships between them. Visual representation. Data independence. Disadvantages Limited relationship representation. Loss of information (when attributes are removed from entities). No data manipulation language. Limited constraint representation. BIOGRAPHY Rob, P., Coronel, C. Crockett, K. 2008. Database systems: design, implementation management international edition. UK: Gaynor Redvers-Mutton. p37-51. Danielsen, A. The evolution of data models and approaches to persistence in database systems. 1998. Available at: http://www.fing.edu.uy/inco/grupos/csi/esp/Cursos/cursos_act/2000/DAP_DisAvDB/documentacion/OO/Evol_DataModels.html. Accessed February 15, 2010. Geekinterview.com. The Hierarchical Model. 2008. Available at: http://www.learn.geekinterview.com/it/data-modeling/the-hierarchical-model.html. Accessed February 15, 2010. Geekinterview.com. Network Model. 2008. Available at: http://www.learn.geekinterview.com/it/data-modeling/network-model.html. Accessed February 15, 2010. Geekinterview.com. Relational Model. 2008. Available at: http://www.learn.geekinterview.com/it/data-modeling/relational-model.html. Accessed February 15, 2010. Geekinterview.com. A Look at the Entity-Relationship. 2008. Available at: http://www.learn.geekinterview.com/it/data-modeling/a-look-at-the-entity-relationship.html. Accessed February 15, 2010.

Refugee Displacement and Identity: Finding Home :: Essays Papers

Refugee Displacement and Identity: Finding Home When fleeing persecution, winning trust and welcome in a foreign land depends on the meaning of the label of displacement. According to Daniel, the making of modern refugee identity hinges on the right language affixed to your desperation, and right interpretation of this desperation by powerful authorities; proving modern identity can be a deadly game. Modern identity often takes shape in the blending of lines that weren’t supposed to blend. No matter how coded or enforced, labels never hold all of one’s identity in place. The lines bounding the identity of the refugee are determined by the UN, and dictate a system of values foreign to many would-be refugees. For the Tamil mother from Sri Lanka, individual status as a refugee does not make sense; she is connected to the bones of her son and the soil in which they lie in Canada (Daniel 278). Terms of individuality are relative in the cultural understanding of many displaced peoples: collective identity in family structure supercedes that dictated by Western nation states, though the argument for asylum depends upon cognizance of Western value systems. When lines of identity inevitably blend, relative jurisprudence must be exercised. Lines make excluding circles and methods of excluding people from asylum; our international community divides into unwelcome and welcome nations. As discourse, cultural identity means translating beliefs and feelings from one culture to another. In the process of translation, a screen of cultural values filters understanding of the values and experience of the â€Å"other.† The simple word â€Å"refugee† evokes images and stories particular to a collectively defined identity, invoking â€Å"an image of the radicalized other† (Daniel 272). Finding trust and cultural understanding is crucial in securing safe haven; the human category of refugee is inundated with hydrophobic metaphors and imagined â€Å"racial markers† delimitating the story of the refugee into numbers and race categories (271).

The History of the Non-Commissioned Officer

OverviewThe origin of the non commissioned officer (NCO) developed early in the country’s history, actually before the country was a country.   In the late 1700s the mean worried about their rights of liberty and property at the hands of the English monarchy.  Ã‚   â€Å"These advocates of ‘the citizen-soldier’ called on free,   adult men of property to respond to their sense of duty, to their sense of political obligation, by serving for a period of time in the militia of their community. Thus military service, indeed, compulsory service in militias, was deemed appropriate under what has come to be known as the â€Å"consent† theory of government† (Karsten, 2001).Fisher points to a difficulty in distinguishing between commissioned officers and non commissioned officers.   He claims that it wasn’t until the early 1700s that a distinction could be made. He argues that by the Revolutionary War period, great confidence was place on the po sition of the non-commissioned officer, including the promise of some financial rewards (as high as $80) to those who made it through each designated segment of service.   However, there was still an undertone of lower status of the NCO at this particular time in American history (Fisher, 2001).Unfortunately, not everyone felt the need to serve his country in the face of all enemies.   Many founding essayists felt as if abandoning work to join in the military was an irresponsible action for husbands and sons alike.  Ã‚   Even though the American Army had the money to pay 75,000 men in 1776, it never got more than 37,500 to sign up at any one time (Karsten, 2001). Thus, the picture of the non-commissioned officer was less of a concerned and responsible citizen solder and more of a lazy, unfocused, displaced laborer.Between 1820 and 1850 the organization and training of these men was loose and unorganized.   The enrolled men met only once or twice a year for â€Å"militia mus ter and drill† as the law dictated.   â€Å"If one had ‘the common defense of the nation’ in mind when he came to view such musters, it was quickly dispelled as the day turned from muster to picnic to drunken brawl in rather too rapid succession† (Karsten, 2001).In addition to these men, the army also had a fair number of women.   Like most armies, the Continental Army included women and even their children who â€Å"followed the troops throughout the war, performing tasks that contributed to the soldiers’ welfare† (Rees, 1995).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1777, Valley Forge had 400 women enlisted in its army.   The number continued to rise and some units from areas closer to the coast had far more than average numbers of women (Rees, 1995).Training and DisciplineBlack describes training as â€Å"learning war through war†   Ã‚  (Black, 2002).   Training was generally poor or non-existent because it was very difficult to amass large numbers of people in one spot, and if they were amassed, they were nearly impossible to outfit with supplies and weapons due to the tack of transportation and supporting infrastructure. The lack of training reduced the confidence of the men to fight in certain situations, especially in the open, so they often broke ranks and ran (Black, 2002)Others disagree; Sheps and Pitcavage (1995) argue that the organization was as good as it could have possible been at that time in American history.   These state organizations had extensive codes which regulated personnel selection, training, etc.   These state organizations were hierarchical and geographical, sometimes electing officers and other times appointing them.   Further subdivisions included brigades, regiments and companies. In some states officers were elected; in others, they were appointed by the state. The entire state was usually organized into geographical divisions which then corresponded with a military division (Sheps and Pitcavage, 1995).In 1792, Anthony Wayne was one of the first great training generals for combat.   Training and discipline gradually improved through the early 1800s.   Large regiments increased confidence and better training led to more disciplined ranks. However, this training fell off in the years preceding the Civil War,   and the problems recurred for both the North and the South during the war (Black, 2002).Drills and operations slowly revived.   At the beginning of the Civil War two manuals describing the duties of the NCO had been published.   They were called Infantry Tactics by General Winfield Scott and Rifle and Light Infantry Tactics by Colonel William J. Hardee.   According to these manuals, the NCO was to keep military cadence and direction, act as general guides and to instruct new recruits.   In addition, they were to learn to give commands (Fisher, 2001)Even extremely specific instructions began to be printed.   IN addition to his two part expl ications on the care and cleaning of the musket, Alan Bowling wrote the following in his report on military drills around the time of the Civil War:â€Å"This is not meant as a criticism of anyone but as a way of standardizing our drill practices and helping the 5th look sharp at drill as from accounts I have read the original members of the Missouri Brigade were known for their sharp drill. At our recent Spring Drill I noticed there was some confusion on conducting the inspection of arms, particularly the proper way for a soldier to give and take his musket to and from the inspecting officer or NCO.† (2006).  Indeed other duties of the NCO were to make sure that all supplies, including helmets and weapons, were kept clean (Fisher, 2001).WeaponsEarly skirmishes saw the use of virtually anything as a weapon.   One example is the use of the pitchfork during Shay’s Rebellion in 1787. However, as more organized fighting progressed, aim and use of cover were more import ant than the weapons used.   The musket had only one real advantage over the bow and arrow, that being that the bow and arrow was more likely to be deflected by vegetation.   The musket was hard to repair due to a lack of equipment,   skill and experience,   and nearly all of the ammunition had to be brought from Europe (Black, 2002).The introduction of the mass produced percussion cap of the early 1800s made the rifle a little more dependable because of the reduction of misfires.   James H. Burton made an important improvement to the bullets used by theses NCOs by giving it a hollow base.   This bullet was less expensive, could be locally produced and was far more accurate than earlier bullets (Black, 2002).Developments in guns included the Union Repeating Rifle which eliminated the need to reload as often as they had to with the musket and early rifles.   The Gatling gun was one of the first machine guns, but it wasn’t utilized much prior to the Civil War beca use it ate up too much ammunition and was difficult to transport across the terrain (Black, 2002).FormationsThe early NCOs were to maintain formations that seemed more like Napoleonic warfare.   The leaders were more interested in establishing positions and destruction of the opposing army no matter where they were located.  Ã‚  Ã‚   They would often hesitate to use the bayonets and choose instead to fall back and fire from their muskets, which, as previously noted, were not at all accurate and forced the men to shoot, stop and reload over and over again. Even after the Repeating Rifle (AKA the Ager gun) appeared, the generals were reluctant to change their conservative ways and use them (Black, 2002).ConclusionThe NCO is considered the backbone of the US ARMY with two responsibilities: accomplishment of the mission and the welfare of the soldiers (NCO CREED). From its history in voluntary service in the revolutionary war to its intermediary services now, the NCO has always had a vital role in American historyReferencesBowling, Allen. (2006). Company Drill. Reprinted in 5th Missouri Infantry   Newsletter ArticlesAvailable from: http://fifthmo.tripod.com/id7.htmlBlack, Jeremy, (2002). America as a Military Power, 1775-1865.   Connecticut;   Praeger.Fisher, Ernest. (2001). Guardians of the Republic:   A History of the Non-Commissioned OfficerCorps. of the US Army. Pennsylvania:   Stackpole Publishing.Karsten, Peter.   (2001). The US Citizen-Soldier's Past, Present, and Likely Future. Parameters,Summer 2001, pp. 61-73.NCO Creed. (2006). Available from: https://www.army.mil/leaders/leaders/sma/ncocreed.htmlRees, John U.   (1995). â€Å"The proportion of Women which ought to be allowed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  An Overview ofContinental Army Female Camp Followers. The Continental Soldier (Journal of theContinental Line) VIII (3), Spring, pp. 51-58.Sheps and Pitcavage. (1995). The History of Militia in America.   Available from:http://archive.adl.org/mwd/fa q3.asp

The Importance of Patient Advocacy Essay - 1155 Words

In Nursing, there will always be instances where the patients nurse needs to advocate for their patient. There are numerous reasons why a nurse would advocate for their patient ranging from getting the doctor to change the patient’s orders, helping the patient’s treatment team understand what it is the patient is requiring for the day, to expressing the patient’s last wishes before death. In every situation, the nurse should do what is in the patient’s best interest. Tomajan (2012), â€Å"Advocacy skills are the ability to successfully support a cause or interest on one’s own behalf or that of another. Advocacy requires a set of skills that include problem solving, communication, influence, and collaboration†(p. 2). With those skills, the†¦show more content†¦Another example is when a doctor just transcribed a lot of new orders and the patient doesn’t know what some of the tests are and the nurse doesn’t know why the do ctor ordered them. The nurse then needs to hunt down the doctor and advocate for their patient. Once the nurse speaks to the doctor and they ask them to come and explain the tests and reasoning to the patient that is the first step of advocating for their patient. When the doctor goes to talk to the patient, the patient asks many questions and agrees to have the tests done. This was a problem but once the problem was identified, the patient understood what was going on and felt like they had a say in it. The second core attribute is acting on behalf of the patient that includes representing patients’ values, benefits, and rights. (Bu Jezewski, 2006) Since it is the patients right to know why certain things are being done, it was appropriate for the nurse to ask the doctor to go speak to the patient. The last core attribute championing social justice in the provisional of health care is ethics of justice where in this case it doesn’t apply. 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